Kukwera Mbalame

Mkhalidwe wotsata

Timakhulupirira kwambiri kuti intaneti iyenera kupezeka ndi kupezeka kwa aliyense, ndipo ndife odzipereka kuti tipeze webusaiti yomwe imapezeka kwa anthu ambiri, mosasamala kanthu za zochitika ndi luso.

Kuti tikwaniritse izi, tikufuna kutsatira mosamalitsa malangizo a World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.1 (WCAG 2.1) pamlingo wa AA. Ndondomekoyi ikufotokoza momwe mungapangire kuti zinthu zapaintaneti zizitha kupezeka ndi anthu olumala osiyanasiyana. Kutsatira malangizowa kumatithandizira kuwonetsetsa kuti tsamba la webusayiti likupezeka kwa anthu onse: anthu akhungu, anthu omwe ali ndi zovuta zamagalimoto, owonera, olumala, komanso zina zambiri.

Webusaitiyi imagwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje osiyanasiyana omwe cholinga chake ndi kuwapangitsa kuti athe kupezeka nthawi zonse. Timagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe omwe amalola anthu olumala kuti asinthe UI ya tsambalo (kapangidwe kogwiritsa ntchito) ndikuzipanga malinga ndi zosowa zawo.

Kuphatikiza apo, tsambalo limagwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu yochokera ku AI yomwe imayenda kumbuyo ndikumakulitsa kupezeka kwake pafupipafupi. Pulogalamuyi imakonzanso HTML ya tsambalo, imasintha magwiridwe antchito ndi machitidwe awo owerenga pakompyuta omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi osawona, komanso magwiridwe antchito a kiyibodi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lagalimoto.

Ngati mwapeza kuti zasokonekera kapena muli ndi malingaliro oti muwongolere, tikhala okondwa kumva kuchokera kwa inu. Mutha kufikira ogwiritsa ntchito patsambali pogwiritsa ntchito imelo yotsatirayi [imelo ndiotetezedwa]

Screen-reader ndi kiyibodi kuyenda

Webusayiti yathu imagwiritsa ntchito njira za ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications), kuphatikiza kusintha kosiyanasiyana kwa machitidwe, kuonetsetsa kuti ogwiritsa ntchito akhungu omwe akuyendera owerenga zowonera amatha kuwerenga, kumvetsetsa, ndikusangalala ndi ntchito za tsambalo. Wogwiritsa ntchito zowerenga pazenera akangolowa patsamba lanu, amalandila mwachangu kuti alowe Mbiri ya Screen-Reader kuti athe kuyang'ana ndikugwiritsa ntchito tsamba lanu moyenera. Umu ndi momwe tsamba lathu lawebusayiti limafotokozera zina zofunika kwambiri zowerenga zowonera, pamodzi ndi zithunzi zowonetsera zitsanzo:

1. Kukhathamiritsa kwa zowerenga skrini: timayendetsa njira yakumbuyo yomwe imaphunzira zigawo za webusayiti kuyambira pamwamba mpaka pansi, kuwonetsetsa kuti tikutsatira mosalekeza ngakhale pokonzanso webusayiti. Pochita izi, timapereka owerenga zowonera ndi data yothandiza pogwiritsa ntchito seti ya ARIA. Mwachitsanzo, timapereka zilembo zolondola; kufotokozera kwazithunzi zomwe zingatheke (zithunzi zapa social media, zithunzi zosakira, zithunzi zamangolo, ndi zina); chitsogozo chovomerezeka cha zolemba za fomu; maudindo monga mabatani, menyu, zokambirana modal (popups), ndi ena. Kuonjezera apo, ndondomeko yakumbuyo imayang'ana zithunzi zonse za webusaitiyi ndikupereka malongosoledwe olondola ndi omveka a chithunzi-chinthu-chidziwitso monga tag ya ALT (mawu ena) pazithunzi zomwe sizinafotokozedwe. Itulutsanso zolemba zomwe zili mkati mwa chithunzicho, pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa OCR (optical character recognition). Kuti muyatse zosintha zowerengera nthawi iliyonse, ogwiritsa ntchito angofunika kukanikiza kuphatikiza kiyibodi ya Alt+1. Ogwiritsa ntchito zowerengera zowonera amalandilanso zilengezo zokha kuti muyatse mawonekedwe a Screen-reader akangolowa patsamba.

   Zosinthazi ndizogwirizana ndi owerenga makanema onse, kuphatikiza JAWS ndi NVDA.

2. Kukhathamiritsa kwa kiyibodi: Njira yakumbuyo imasinthanso HTML ya tsambalo, ndikuwonjezera machitidwe osiyanasiyana pogwiritsa ntchito JavaScript code kuti tsambalo lizigwira ntchito ndi kiyibodi. Izi zikuphatikiza kuthekera koyendetsa tsambalo pogwiritsa ntchito makiyi a Tab ndi Shift + Tab, kugwiritsa ntchito zotsikira ndi makiyi a mivi, kutseka ndi Esc, mabatani oyambitsa ndi maulalo pogwiritsa ntchito kiyi ya Enter, kuyenda pakati pa wailesi ndi ma checkbox pogwiritsa ntchito makiyi a mivi, ndi lembani nawo ndi Spacebar kapena Enter key.Kuonjezera apo, ogwiritsa ntchito kiyibodi adzapeza maulendo ofulumira komanso okhutira-dumpha menyu, omwe amapezeka nthawi iliyonse podutsa Alt + 1, kapena ngati zinthu zoyamba za malo pamene akuyenda ndi kiyibodi. Njira yakumbuyo imagwiranso ntchito ndi ma popups oyambitsa posunthira kiyibodi kuyang'ana kwa iwo akangowonekera, osalola kuyang'ana kunja kwake.

   Ogwiritsa ntchito amathanso kugwiritsa ntchito njira zazifupi monga "M" (mindandanda yazakudya), "H" (mitu), "F" (mafomu), "B" (mabatani), ndi "G" (zithunzi) kudumpha kuzinthu zina.

Mbiri za olumala zimathandizidwa patsamba lathu

• Njira Yotetezeka ya Khunyu: mbiriyi imathandiza anthu omwe ali ndi khunyu kuti agwiritse ntchito webusaitiyi motetezeka pochotsa chiopsezo cha khunyu chomwe chimabwera chifukwa cha kuthwanima kapena kuthwanima ndi makanema osakanikirana ndi mitundu yoopsa.
• Mawonekedwe Osawoneka: njira iyi imasintha tsambalo kuti lithandizire ogwiritsa ntchito omwe ali ndi vuto lowoneka ngati Degrading Eyesight, Tunnel Vision, Cataract, Glaucoma, ndi ena.
• Njira Yolemala Mwakuzindikira: Njirayi imapereka njira zosiyanasiyana zothandizira zothandizira ogwiritsa ntchito omwe ali ndi vuto lachidziwitso monga Dyslexia, Autism, CVA, ndi ena, kuti ayang'ane pazinthu zofunika za webusaitiyi mosavuta.
• ADHD Friendly Mode: njira iyi imathandiza ogwiritsa ntchito omwe ali ndi ADHD ndi Neurodevelopmental disorders kuti awerenge, kusakatula, ndi kuyang'ana pa zinthu zazikulu za webusayiti mosavuta pomwe amachepetsa kwambiri zosokoneza.
• Mtundu Wakhungu: mawonekedwewa amakonza tsambalo kuti lizigwirizana ndi zowerenga pakompyuta monga JAWS, NVDA, VoiceOver, ndi TalkBack. Screen-reader ndi pulogalamu ya ogwiritsa ntchito osawona yomwe imayikidwa pa kompyuta ndi foni yam'manja, ndipo mawebusayiti ayenera kugwirizana nawo.
• Mbiri Yoyendera Kiyibodi (Yowonongeka ndi Moto): mbiriyi imathandizira anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la injini kuti agwiritse ntchito webusayiti pogwiritsa ntchito kiyibodi Tab, Shift+Tab, ndi makiyi a Enter. Ogwiritsa angagwiritsenso ntchito njira zazifupi monga “M” (mamenyu), “H” (mitu), “F” (mafomu), “B” (mabatani), ndi “G” (zithunzi) kulumphira ku zinthu zinazake.

Zowonjezera za UI, kapangidwe, ndi kusintha kosavuta kuwerengera

1. Kusintha kwamafonti - ogwiritsa ntchito, amatha kuonjezera ndi kuchepetsa kukula kwake, kusintha banja lake (mtundu), kusintha malo, kuyanjanitsa, kutalika kwa mzere, ndi zina.
2. Kusintha kwamitundu - ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kusankha mitundu yosiyanasiyana yosiyanitsa mitundu monga kuwala, mdima, inverted, ndi monochrome. Kuphatikiza apo, ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kusinthana mitundu ya mitu, zolemba, ndi maziko, ndi zosankha zisanu ndi ziwiri zosiyana.
3. Makanema ojambula pamanja - munthu wodwala khunyu amatha kuyimitsa makanema ojambula podina batani. Makanema oyendetsedwa ndi mawonekedwe amaphatikiza makanema, ma GIF, ndi kusintha kowala kwa CSS.
4. Kuwunikira kwazinthu - ogwiritsa ntchito atha kusankha kutsindika zofunikira monga maulalo ndi mitu. Amathanso kusankha kuwunikira zinthu zomwe zangoyang'ana kapena zazing'ono zokha.
5. Kuletsa mawu - ogwiritsa ntchito zida zamakutu amatha kumva kupweteka mutu kapena zovuta zina chifukwa chongomvera nyimbo zokha. Njirayi imalola ogwiritsa ntchito kuyatsa tsamba lonse nthawi yomweyo.
6. Kusokonezeka kwa chidziwitso - timagwiritsa ntchito makina osakira omwe ali olumikizidwa ndi Wikipedia ndi Wiktionary, kulola anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kuzindikira kuti amvetsetse matanthauzo a ziganizo, zilembo zoyambira, mawu, ndi zina.
7. Ntchito zowonjezera - timapereka mwayi kwa ogwiritsa ntchito kusintha mtundu ndi kukula kwa cholozera, kugwiritsa ntchito makina osindikizira, yambitsani kiyibodi yeniyeni, ndi ntchito zina zambiri.

Msakatuli ndi ukadaulo wothandizira

Tili ndi cholinga chothandizira asakatuli ambiri ndi matekinoloje othandizira momwe tingathere, kuti ogwiritsa ntchito athu athe kusankha zida zowayenerera, ndi zolepheretsa zochepa momwe angathere. Chifukwa chake, tagwira ntchito molimbika kuti titha kuthandizira machitidwe onse akuluakulu omwe ali ndi 95% ya gawo la msika wa ogwiritsa ntchito kuphatikiza Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Apple Safari, Opera ndi Microsoft Edge, JAWS ndi NVDA (owerenga pazenera).

Zolemba, ndemanga, ndi mayankho

Ngakhale titayesetsa kwambiri kulola aliyense kusintha tsambalo kuti ligwirizane ndi zosowa zawo. Pakhoza kukhalabe masamba kapena magawo omwe sali ofikirika mokwanira, omwe ali mkati mwa njira yofikirako, kapena akusowa njira yaukadaulo yokwanira kuti athe kupezeka. Komabe, tikupitiliza kupititsa patsogolo kupezeka kwathu, kuwonjezera, kukonzanso ndikusintha zomwe tingasankhe ndi mawonekedwe ake, ndikupanga ndikugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje atsopano. Zonsezi zimapangidwira kuti zifike pamlingo woyenera wopezeka, kutsatira kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo. Pa chithandizo chilichonse, chonde fikirani [imelo ndiotetezedwa]